November 14, 2008

Overview

Dozens killed in fresh violence across Afghanistan

Dozens of people have been reported killed across Afghanistan over the past week. On Friday (November 14), three Afghan construction workers were gunned down by unidentified gunmen in the eastern province of Khost. In another incident in Khost, three policemen were wounded when a suicide bomber detonated his explosives-laden car near a police vehicle just outside of Khost city. The Taliban claimed responsibility for the attack. Separately, US-led coalition forces claimed to have killed four al-Qaeda-linked militants in a security sweep in Zurmat district near the Pakistan border in eastern Paktia province on Friday. On Thursday (November 13), at least 21 people were killed and more than 70 wounded in a suicide bomb attack in eastern Nangarhar province. The attack took place in a crowded market in Bati Kot district, just outside the provincial capital, Jalalabad, when a suicide bomber targeted a US military convoy. At least 20 civilians and a US soldier were among those dead and at least 74 people were wounded. On Wednesday (November 12), a suicide bomber driving an oil tanker packed with explosives exploded outside a provincial government office in southern Kandahar province, killing at least six people and wounding more than 40 others. Ahmed Wali Karzai, a brother of President Hamid Karzai, was chairing a meeting when the blast ripped through the council office. Karzai was unharmed, but two female council members were among those wounded. No one has claimed responsibility for the bombing, however, Karzai said that the Taliban was behind the attack. The attack came hours after two unidentified men on a motorbike sprayed acid on eight Afghan girls who were on their way to school in Kandahar. Three of the girls suffered serious burns and were hospitalized, while three others were treated and released. Qari Yousef Ahmadi, a purported Taliban spokesman, denied that the group was involved. Two Spanish soldiers were killed and four others wounded in a suicide bomb attack on Sunday (November 9) in Shindad region in western Herat province when a suicide bomber rammed his explosives-laden car into a convoy of NATO-led forces. Fourteen people were killed in a clash with US-led coalition forces in the eastern province of Khost on Sunday. There are conflicting accounts of the incident. On November 7, three Taliban insurgents were killed while they were planting a roadside bomb in Yaqubi district in Khost. In another incident, US-led coalition forces killed three insurgents in an airstrike in Sarobi district some 95 miles (150 km) southeast of the capital, Kabul. US-led coalition forces also killed six militants and detained 10 others while targeting an insurgent commander in Acheen district, some 72 miles (115 km) east of Kabul, on the same day. Separately, several Taliban fighters were reportedly killed and wounded in a battle with Afghan security forces and Taliban insurgents killed a district police chief and wounded his driver in an ambush in Teywara district in the central province of Ghor.

Britain considers sending 2,000 additional troops

Afghanistan is asking Western nations to send more troops to fight insurgents in the south and southeast. Afghan Foreign Minister Rangeen Dadfar Spanta, who is visiting Britain, told BBC Radio on Wednesday, "For the short-term strategy ... we need more forces in the south, and the southeast ... to control cross-border terrorist activities," adding, "these troops have to be the fighter troops, to be active in this part, to respond to terrorist activities." Chances seem slim that any other nation except the US will provide new troops in significant numbers. However, according to the BBC, Britain is considering sending up to 2,000 additional troops to Afghanistan next year in anticipation of a request by US President-elect Barack Obama, BBC News reported. President-elect Obama has indicated plans to send more troops to Afghanistan when he assumes office. He is expected to ask for help from other NATO allies.

UN urges Afghan government to halt capital punishment

The UN is urging the Afghan government to put a moratorium on capital punishment. Navi Pillay, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (HCHR), said on Tuesday (November 11) that she was disappointed over the execution of at least five convicted prisoners in Afghanistan this week. She called on President Hamid Karzai to end further planned executions. Rupert Colville, a spokesperson for the Office of the HCHR, said, "We're concerned that essentially in Afghanistan the law enforcement, the police, the judicial systems, fall short of internationally accepted standards - a long way short - guaranteeing due process and fair trial," adding, "and obviously under these circumstances there's a very serious risk that there will be miscarriages of justice and that innocent people may be executed." The government is currently under pressure to improve security. UN officials fear that more executions could be scheduled to take place over the next few days. Afghanistan observed a de facto moratorium on capital punishment from 2004 until October 2007, when it executed 15 prisoners.

Movement

2008: UNHCR said in the first week of October that some 251,800 registered Afghan refugees in Pakistan and Iran had returned to their homes so far in 2008. Most of those repatriated (248,951) under the UN-assisted voluntary repatriation campaign came from Pakistan, while Iran accounted for 2,929 returns. (UNHCR, Oct-7)

Some 2,800 Pakistani families crossed the border into northeastern Afghanistan over the past two months to escape fighting between militants and Pakistani security forces in Bajur region.  Most of the people are reportedly in Kunar province.  (AFP, Sept-19)

UNHCR is asking Pakistan to revise its Afghan refugee repatriation plan, as the current plan to repatriate some 2.4 million refugees by the end of next year (2009) is “unworkable” due to persistent insecurity and lack of economic opportunities.  (BBC, Apr-18).  UNHCR said this week that since March 1, when the repatriation campaign resumed from Pakistan, more than 200,000 Afghan refugees have returned to Afghanistan. (UNHCR, Aug-4))

2007: UNHCR temporarily suspends the Afghan voluntary repatriation campaign in Pakistan until March 2008 due to seasonal slowdown.  (IRIN, Nov-2).  Pakistan has reportedly extended the deadline to close Jalozai camp until March 2008.  (IRIN, Sep-4).  The UNHCR has asked Pakistan to temporarily suspend closure of Jalozai refugee camp in the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) that was originally scheduled to be closed on August 31.  UNHCR said due to the fast approaching Muslim holy month of Ramadan and winter season, conditions were not conducive for the return of some 100,000 camp residents.  UNHCR said any forceful return of these refugees could lead to secondary displacement. 

Pakistan is to close all Afghan refugee camps by December 2009 and to repatriate all refugees living in the country.  UNHCR says it has repatriated over 306,000 Afghan refugees from Pakistan so far this year under its voluntary repatriation campaign.  (UNHCR, Aug-10)

4.2 million refugees have returned to Afghanistan, and 500,000 IDPs returned home since early 2002.  Close to 3 million of the refugees returned from Pakistan. 2.6 million Afghans remain in Pakistan, including one million in 74 long-term camps. About 1.5 million Afghans returned from Iran. Taking into account unassisted returns, perhaps 600,000 to 700,000 Afghans remain in Iran—up to 30,000 are in seven camps.

Iran deported some 85,000 unregistered refugees to Afghanistan during April 21 - May 14, 2007.  Iranian officials say they plan to initially send back 500,000 of over a million illegal refugees in the country.  Earlier this week, Iran said it has reached an agreement with the Afghan government to slow down the pace of expulsions for illegal Afghans living in the country. 

Some 200,000 Afghan refugees in Pakistan have returned to their homes under the UN-assisted voluntary Afghan refugee repatriation program since it resumed on March 1, 2007, following a seasonal winter suspension.  Pakistani authorities said voluntary repatriation of Afghan refugees in Pakistan that are without proof of registration (PoR) ended in April, and refugees remaining in the country without PoR are now considered illegal and subject to government action.  Repatriation campaign for Afghan refugees with PoR.

2006: UNHCR expects to assist 550,000 returnees—400,000 from Pakistan and 150,000 from Iran.  However, so far this year only some 60,000 Afghan refugees have repatriated from Pakistan.  Unassisted returns are a factor from Pakistan and have been a major contributor to returns from Iran. The tripartite arrangement among UNHCR-Afghanistan-Pakistan is good through 2006.  The UNHCR-Afghanistan-Iran Joint Program has been extended into 2007.  Repatriation from Pakistan, halted for the winter, recommenced on March 1.  UNHCR assisted nearly 9,000 refugees in returning from Pakistan and over 500 from Iran during March.  In April 2006, Pakistan closed two long-term camps in NWFP, and two in Baluchistan Province with 250,000 long-term residents.  Refugees in Baluchistan can either return to Afghanistan or relocate to Mohammad Kheil camp near Quetta. Refugees in NWFP are moving to Afghanistan or one of ten camps in NWFP—refugees are pushing for a one-year delay. 

2005 plans called for 400,000 Afghan refugees to return home from Pakistan and 200,000 from Iran, down from an earlier 350,000 estimated from Iran. 453,000 returned from Pakistan.  67,000 from Iran were assisted and over 210,000 returned on their own to Iran for a total of nearly 280,000, and a combined Pakistan and Iran total of 733,000—close to the original projection.

2004 plans were for one million to return.  Actual returnees were around 850,000, with 385,000 from Pakistan and 460,000 from Iran, including 80,000 spontaneous returns.  Pakistan closed camps in South Waziristan and all new camps, with remaining new refugees going to Mohamed Kheil camp in Baluchistan Province. 

Emphasis in 2003 was on repatriation from old camps and cities in Pakistan to rural areas in Afghanistan.  70 percent of returnees from Pakistan were from cities and 30 percent from camps. Over a third returned to Kabul, another 10 percent went to other central provinces, and just over 20 percent returned to each of the north and east.  The Southern region received 6 percent and the Western region 4 percent. The 2003 peak months were June and July.

In 2002 over 2.3 million Afghan refugees returned with 2 million assisted by UNHCR.  UNHCR repatriated 1.53 million Afghan refugees from Pakistan, including 125,000 from Baluchistan and 1.4 million from the North West Frontier Province.  82 percent were from urban areas; only 3 percent were from new camps.  265,000 refugees were assisted in returning from Iran; and 10,000 refugees from the central Asian republics. 

Afghanistan Relief Efforts:  United Nations Coordination Regions

Central Region

Location	Central Region
Coordination
Population
IDP Movement
Food	There have been at least six attacks on World Food Program (WFP) food convoys in 2008, and WFP has temporarily suspended food delivery to Daikundi province.(IRIN, May-28)
Health	Czech Republic-led PRT to begin construction of a new 20-bed facility for the existing Comprehensive Health Clinic in Mohammad Agha in Lowgar province.  (NATO, Apr-24)
NFIs -Shelter	IOM, UNICEF, UNOCHA, & OXFAM
Water & Sanitation	UNICEF
Security	Taliban insurgents killed a district police chief and wounded his driver in an ambush in Ghor province’s Teywara district on November 7. (Reuters, Nov-8)
Comments	IOM provided shelter materials to 21 vulnerable families in Bamyan province the week of July 20.  (IOM, Jul-25)

East Central Region

Location	East Central Region
Coordination	UNHCR
Population
IDP Movement	UN; Government encouraging refugees to return to home provinces to limit burden on Kabul—government land distribution program only in province of origin;
Food	The government and the World Bank signed a US$8 million grant agreement to enhance wheat and cereal production by supporting small scale irrigation at the community level.  The Afghanistan Food Crisis Response project focuses on medium-term investments needed to increase food security.  (World Bank, Sep-11) WFP has begun distributing wheat to some 650,000 beneficiaries affected by high food prices in Kabul and the surrounding areas.  (Reliefweb, Mar-6, 2008) IRC, Action Contra la Faim; WFP
Health	The country remains under the national public health emergency declared on January 8, with 30,000 health workers requested to not take leave for the duration of the emergency period. (IRIN, Feb-14) UNICEF, CARITAS, MSF, IFRC, IRC, ICRC
Non-Food Items - Shelter	UNHCR, ACTED, MSF, IRC, ICRC, IOM
Security	A French aid worker with a Paris-based organization was abducted in Kabul on Monday (November 3) morning by unidentified assailants who blocked the vehicle carrying him and another aid worker. A resident who tried to intervene was fatally shot by the kidnappers. The Taliban denied involvement. (AP, AFP, BBC, Nov-3)
Water & Sanitation	An agreement has been signed between the UNHCR and the Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development (MRRD) to provide safe drinking water for Afghan returnees from Pakistan and Iran, as well as IDPs.  (UNHCR, Sep. 24) ICRC
Comments	US Task Force Gladiator, Afghan National Police and a contracted supply company delivered 75 desks, 10 chalk boards and 150 sets of school supplies to Jurghati, Hasanzi and Shawo Katay villages in Kohi Sofi district of Parwan province on August 26. (GoUS, Sep-5) On Wednesday (July 9), Afghanistan and UNAMA launched a joint appeal for US$404 million to ensure food security for 450,000 households, give livestock and agricultural assistance to 300,000 farming families and protect about 550,000 women and children from malnutrition. The appeal is designed to cover these and other projects through July 2009 and follows a US$77 million joint food appeal that was fully met earlier this year. (IRIN, Jul-9)

Eastern Region

Location	Eastern Region
Coordination	UNHCR, International Islamic Relief Organization;
Population
IDP Movement	UNHCR
Food	IRC NATO-led ISAF PRT transported water pipes for a nearly seven-mile-long planned water supply project in Baghlan province.  (NATO, Aug-23)
Health	Provincial officials in Khost, Nangarhar and southern Kandahar provinces confirmed hundreds of diarrhea cases due to water contamination from floods. (IRIN, July-11)
Non-Food Items - Shelter	CWS, UNICEF
Security	US-led coalition forces killed six militants and detained 10 in Nangarhar province while targeting an insurgent commander in Acheen district on November 7. (Reuters, Nov-8) In Khost province, US-led forces killed three insurgents in an airstrike in Sabri district, southeast of Kabul, on November 7. (Reuters, Nov-8) Three Taliban insurgents were killed in Khost province on November 7 while planting a roadside bomb in Yaqubi district. (Reuters, Nov-8) On Sunday (November 9), 14 people were killed in a clash with coalition forces in Khost. The US military said the dead were militants who had attacked soldiers, drawing counter-fire. The provincial governor said the dead were private security guards for a road construction firm. (AP, CNN, AFP, Nov-9-10) On Thursday (November 13), at least 21 people were killed and more than 70 wounded when a suicide bomber targeting a US military convoy blew himself up in a crowded market in Bati Kot district of Nangarhar province. The dead included 20 civilians and a US soldier. (AP, IHT, Reuters, Nov-13) Unidentified gunmen killed three Afghan construction workers in a drive-by shooting in Khost’s Ismail Khail district on Friday (November 14) as they were headed to work. (AFP, Nov-14) Three policemen were wounded in Khost on Friday when a suicide car bomber detonated his explosives near a police vehicle just outside of Khost city. The Taliban claimed responsibility. (AFP, Reuters, Nov-14) In Paktika province, coalition forces said they killed four heavily armed al-Qaeda-linked militants in a security sweep Friday in Zurmat district, near the Pakistani border. (Reuters, Nov-14)
Water & Sanitation	CARITAS; ICRC, UNICEF
Comments

Northeastern Region

Location	Northeastern Region
Coordination
Population	9,000 active IDPs in North and Northeast
Movement IDPs
Food
Health	Afghan officials and the medical team assigned to the Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT) in Panjshir province coordinated with local leaders in two districts to augment health care to 563 people. (GoUSA, Oct. 23) WHO, Merlin, UNICEF, MSF; ICRC
Non-Food Items (NFIs) -Shelter	UNICEF, ACTED, Refugees Int’l, Mercy Corps
Security
Water & Sanitation
Comments	The Mine Detection Center (MDC), an Afghan NGO, has cleared 1 million square meters of landmines in Afghanistan’s northeastern region since January. According to UNAMA, 165 people have been killed and more than 1100 people have been injured in mine accidents in the four northeastern provinces of Kunduz, Baghlan, Takhar and Badakhshan. (UNAMA, Oct-21) The MoPH has asked the NATO-led Provincial Reconstruction Team in Badakhshan for air support to enable medical teams to service otherwise inaccessible areas. (IRIN, Feb-14)

Northern Region

Location	Northern Region
Coordination	UNHCR, IOM
Population	9,000 active IDPs in North and Northeast; 60,000 IDPs from North elsewhere in country.
Movement IDPs	IOM
Food	A severe drought has been reported across northern Afghanistan, with the situation being worst in Faryab, Jowjan, Samangan, Saribul and Badghis provinces. Higher-than-normal summer temperatures and a lack of crucial rainfall have left northern rivers at record low water levels, hindering agricultural production and potable water sources. With the added issue of rising global food prices, farming families are unable to purchase basic food items. The governor of Faryab says the province is on the verge of a humanitarian crisis without immediate food aid. Badghis officials say almost all livestock and crops have been lost and more than 200 families are fleeing each day. There are no accurate figures for casualties or losses. Part of a US$404 million joint UN-Afghan appeal announced on July 9 will be used to feed drought-affected populations. (Institute for War and Peace Reporting, Jul-10)
Health	MSF, ICRC, UNICEF At least 20 children have died in several districts of northern Balkh and central Daikundi provinces over the past five weeks due to water contamination from floods. (IRIN, July-12)
NFIs –Shelter	IOM, ACTED, Mercy Corps
Security	Twenty people were killed in a US-led airstrike in Gormach district in northwestern Badghis province overnight on November 5.  (BBC, IHT, ABC, Nov-7)
Water & Sanitation	UNICEF, ICRC, DACAAR
Comments	The European Commission’s Humanitarian aid Office and the NGO ActionAid launched a cash for work program in northern Afghanistan on Wednesday (October 22) aimed at providing about 5,000 families with enough food to cover half of their daily requirements through the winter. The program is active in 40 villages in Jawzjan Province ’s Darzab and Qushtepa districts, and in Balkh province’s Dawlatabad and Kaldar districts. (ActionAid, Oct-22)

Southern Region

Location	Southern Region
Coordination	UNHCR
Population
Movement of IDPs	Intense military operations against Afghan insurgents in southern Helmand province, especially in Musa Qala district, have caused hundreds of families to flee their homes to neighboring districts and the provincial capital, Lashkargah. (IRIN, Dec-6)
Food	UNICEF; Mercy Corps; CARITAS; WFP
Health	A UNICEF-led Polio vaccination campaign was suspended in Musa Qala due to military operations.  The campaign was also suspended in parts of five other districts. (ReliefWeb, Dec-20)
NFIs - Shelter	UNHCR, Mercy Corps
Security	On Wednesday (November 12), at least six people died and more than 40 were wounded when a suicide bomber driving an oil tanker detonated explosives next to a government office in Kandahar province while a provincial council meeting was in session. The dead included a police officer and three civilians. President Hamid Karzai’s brother was chairing the council meeting, but was not harmed. (AP, BBC, Dawn, Nov-12) Six Afghan girls sustained burns when two unidentified men on a motorcycle sprayed them with acid while they were on their way to school in Kandahar on Wednesday. The Taliban denied involvement. (AP, Nov-12)
Water & Sanitation	UNICEF
Comments	As part of the first governor-led counter-narcotics plan in Afghanistan to replace poppy crops with wheat, Helmand launched a US$9.7 million (6 million pound) program October 14 to strengthen wheat farming. The program will distribute wheat seeds and fertilizer to 32,000 farmers in Helmand, enough to grow about 64,250 acres (26,000 hectares) of wheat. To receive the free wheat, farmers must sign a commitment to not grow poppy. (DFID, Oct-14) The US and the UN agree that Afghanistan will harvest fewer poppy plants this year after two years of record crops. However, according to the AP, the Bush administration claims that production will plunge by 31 percent, from 8,000 metric tons in 2007 to 5,500 metric tons this year, more than five times the drop in production predicted by the UN in August.  The UN said then that despite a 19 percent drop in cultivation, opium production would go down only 6 percent because of a rise in yield.  The US report estimates poppy cultivation is down a similar amount, 22 percent, but says yields have also fallen. (AP, Oct-24) India's Ambassador Jayant Prasad said that India has completed construction of a strategic road linking Afghanistan with a port in Iran.  The 135-mile (220-km) road in southwestern Nimroz is part of India's US$1.1 billion reconstruction effort in Afghanistan. (Reuters, Sep-12). Afghan security forces and ISAF delivered a new turbine to the hydro-power project at Kajaki Dam in Helmand province on Tuesday (Sep-2). It is the second of three turbines designed to refurbish the power plant, which should supply power for some 2 million people in Helmand and Kandahar. (NATO, AP, Sep-2-3) The Afghan government has approved 19 reconstruction projects valued at US$1.4 million (72 million AFA) for Kandahar province.  Projects are to be completed within nine months and are expected to benefit some 29,000 households in the region. (ReliefWeb, Mar-14).

Southern Region IDP camps

Location	Zhare Dasht - South of Kandahar – 6 camps
Type	IDP Camp
Coordination	UNHCR
Camp Capacity	30,000; expandable to 60,000
Population	125,000 IDPs in south; 48,500 at Zhare Dasht
Movement IDP
Food	WFP
Health	UNICEF, MSF
NFIs – Shelter
Security
Water & Sanitation	UNICEF
Comments	Support for Spin Boldak camps terminated in 2004.

Western Region

Location	Western Region
Coordination	UNHCR; ICMC
Population	According to the IFRC, flash floods and avalanches in early March affected some 200 families in Herat city; 918 families in Gulran district; 35 families in Cheshte Sharif district; 150 families in Shindand district, 6,500 families in Badghis/Jawand and Murghab districts, and 20 families in Gour district. (IFRC, Mar-23)  12,000 IDPs, mostly in Maslakh camp
Movement IDPs	IOM
Food	IRC, CARITAS, UNICEF, World Vision, IOM, Action Contre la Faim; WFP Provincial officials are seeking 1,733 tons of food aid to feed some 100,000 most vulnerable people affected by rising food prices in Ghor province. (IRIN, May-19)
Health	At least three people were killed in an outbreak of highly contagious Viral Hemorrhagic Fever in Herat city that was first reported on August 25, according to the Ministry of Public Health. Officials confirmed 10 suspected cases as of August 27 and said most of the infected were butchers, shepherds or others involved with animals. The patients were put in quarantine. (IRIN, Aug-27)
Non-Food Items (NFIs) – Shelter	Islamic Development Bank (IDB) distributed some 12,500 blankets and 150 tents to some 2,500 families in Herat.  (FP, Apr-22)
Security	Two Spanish soldiers were killed and four were wounded Sunday (November 9) when a suicide bomber rammed his explosives-laden car into a NATO-led convoy in Shindad region of Herat province. (AP, Reuters, Nov. 9)
Water & Sanitation	UNICEF
Comments	The International Organization for Migration (IOM) inaugurated an upgraded Radio Television Afghanistan (RTA) radio station and a media center in Qal-i-Naw district in the province of Badghis. IOM installed an AM transmitter and studio, with funding from the Spanish government. The new equipment has allowed the station to broadcast to every district in the province. (IOM, Oct. 24)

Refugee Camps in Pakistan

Location	Long-term camps in Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), NWFP, Baluchistan Province, and by capital, Islamabad; Mohamed Kheil 1 & 2 camps (85 km southwest of Quetta)
Type	Refugee Camps
Coordination	Afghanistan, Pakistan and UNHCR on August 2 extended the tripartite agreement governing the voluntary repatriation of registered Afghans from Pakistan through December 2009. The agreement provides a legal and operational framework for the process. To date, more than 3 million Afghans have returned from Pakistan under the voluntary repatriation program since 2002. This year, more than 300,000 Afghans have returned. (UNHCR, GOP, Aug-2) The Kacha Garhi Afghan refugee camp was officially closed on July 26, 2007.  Kacha Garhi, set up in 1980 and located in Hayatabad in NWFP, had 64,000 registered Afghans.  The closure followed two years of negotiations, as many refugees initially did not want to repatriate.  By the camp's closure, some 37,000 refugees had been repatriated by the UNHCR.  Most refugees were originally from Afghanistan's eastern and central provinces of Nangarhar, Laghman, Kabul, and Logar. (UNHCR, July-27)
Camp Capacity	About one million mostly long term Afghans in 74 camps—down from about 200 camps.
Population	2.05 million registered Afghans remaining in Pakistan; 63 camps in NWFP, 12 in Baluchistan; and one million elsewhere; Many occupants are long-term residents or were born in Pakistan; (UNHCR, Aug-2) Jungle Pir Alizai (Balochistan): 36,000, originally scheduled to close June 15. Kacha Gari (NWFP): original population of 64,811, officially closed July 26 – 37,000 repatriated. (UNHCR, July-27) Jalozai (NWFP): 109,934, originally scheduled to close August 31.  UNHCR on August 22 requested Pakistan to temporarily suspend the camp’s closure due to insufficient time for some 100,000 people to move and settle into new places in the face of the fast approaching Ramadan and winter season. (UNHCR, Aug-22)  The deadline was extended to April 15 due to the impending winter. According to IRIN, at least 352 have left Jalozai so far in March.  (IRIN, Mar-20) Girdi Jungle (Balochistan): 17,844, scheduled to close August 31. (IRIN, June-14)
Refugee Movement
Food	WFP, CRS, ARC
Health	UNICEF, MSF
Non-Food Items (NFIs) - Shelter	CRS
Security
Water & Sanitation	IFRC, MDM
Comments